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Authenticators

An authenticator is responsible for authenticating request credentials. Ory Oathkeeper supports different authenticators and we will add more as the project progresses.

An authenticator inspects the HTTP request (for example the HTTP Authorization Header) and executes some business logic that returns true (for authentication ok) or false (for authentication invalid) as well as a subject ("user"). The subject is typically the "user" that made the request, but it could also be a machine (if you have machine-2-machine interaction) or something different.

Each authenticator has two keys:

  • handler (string, required): Defines the handler (for example noop) to be used.
  • config (object, optional): Configures the handler. Configuration keys vary per handler. The configuration can be defined in the global configuration file, or per access rule.
{
  "authenticators": [
    {
      "handler": "noop",
      "config": {}
    }
  ]
}

You can define more than one authenticator in the Access Rule. The first authenticator that's able to handle the credentials will be consulted and other authenticators will be ignored:

{
  "authenticators": [
    {
      "handler": "a"
    },
    {
      "handler": "b"
    },
    {
      "handler": "c"
    }
  ]
}

If handler a is able to handle the provided credentials, then handler b and c will be ignored. If handler a can't handle the provided credentials but handler b can, then handler a and c will be ignored. Handling the provided credentials means that the authenticator knows how to handle, for example, the Authorization: basic header. It doesn't mean that the credentials are valid! If a handler encounters invalid credentials, then other handlers will be ignored too.

noop​

The noop handler tells Ory Oathkeeper to bypass authentication, authorization, and mutation. This implies that no authorization will be executed and no credentials will be issued. It's basically a pass-all authenticator that allows any request to be forwarded to the upstream URL.

Using this handler is basically an allow-all configuration. It makes sense when the upstream handles access control itself or doesn't need any type of access control.

noop Configuration​

This handler isn't configurable.

To enable this handler, set:

# Global configuration file oathkeeper.yml
authenticators:
  noop:
    # Set enabled to true if the authenticator should be enabled and false to disable the authenticator. Defaults to false.
    enabled: true

noop Access Rule Example​

cat ./rules.json

[{
  "id": "some-id",
  "upstream": {
    "url": "http://my-backend-service"
  },
  "match": {
    "url": "http://my-app/some-route",
    "methods": [
      "GET"
    ]
  },
  "authenticators": [{
    "handler": "noop"
  }]
}]

curl -X GET http://my-app/some-route

HTTP/1.0 200 Status OK
The request has been allowed!

unauthorized​

The unauthorized handler tells Ory Oathkeeper to reject all requests as unauthorized.

unauthorized Configuration​

This handler isn't configurable.

To enable this handler, set:

# Global configuration file oathkeeper.yml
unauthorized:
  noop:
    # Set enabled to true if the authenticator should be enabled and false to disable the authenticator. Defaults to false.
    enabled: true

unauthorized Access Rule Example​

cat ./rules.json

[{
  "id": "some-id",
  "upstream": {
    "url": "http://my-backend-service"
  },
  "match": {
    "url": "http://my-app/some-route",
    "methods": [
      "GET"
    ]
  },
  "authenticators": [{
    "handler": "unauthorized"
  }]
}]

curl -X GET http://my-app/some-route

HTTP/1.0 401 Unauthorized

anonymous​

The anonymous authenticator checks whether or not an Authorization header is set. If not, it will set the subject to anonymous.

anonymous Configuration​

  • subject (string, optional) - Sets the anonymous username. Defaults to "anonymous". Common names include "guest", "anon", "anonymous", "unknown".
# Global configuration file oathkeeper.yml
authenticators:
  anonymous:
    # Set enabled to true if the authenticator should be enabled and false to disable the authenticator. Defaults to false.
    enabled: true

    config:
      subject: guest
# Some Access Rule: access-rule-1.yaml
id: access-rule-1
# match: ...
# upstream: ...
authenticators:
  - handler: anonymous
    config:
      subject: guest

anonymous Access Rule Example​

The following rule allows all requests to GET http://my-app/some-route and sets the subject name to the anonymous username, as long as no Authorization header is set in the HTTP request:

cat ./rules.json

[{
  "id": "some-id",
  "upstream": {
    "url": "http://my-backend-service"
  },
  "match": {
    "url": "http://my-app/some-route",
    "methods": [
      "GET"
    ]
  },
  "authenticators": [{
    "handler": "anonymous"
  }],
  "authorizer": { "handler": "allow" },
  "mutators": [{ "handler": "noop" }]
}]

curl -X GET http://my-app/some-route

HTTP/1.0 200 Status OK
The request has been allowed! The subject is: "anonymous"

curl -X GET -H "Authorization: Bearer foobar" http://my-app/some-route

HTTP/1.0 401 Status Unauthorized
The request isn't authorized because credentials have been provided but only the anonymous
authenticator is enabled for this URL.

The cookie_session authenticator will forward the request method, path and headers to a session store. If the session store returns 200 OK and body { "subject": "...", "extra": {} } then the authenticator will set the subject appropriately. Please note that Gzipped responses from check_session_url are not supported, and will fail silently.

  • check_session_url (string, required) - The session store to forward request method/path/headers to for validation.
  • only ([]string, optional) - If set, only requests that have at least one of the set cookies will be forwarded, others will be passed to the next authenticator. If unset, all requests are forwarded.
  • preserve_path (boolean, optional) - If set, any path in check_session_url will be preserved instead of replacing the path with the path of the request being checked.
  • preserve_query (boolean, optional) - If unset or true, query parameters in check_session_url will be preserved instead of replacing them with the query of the request being checked.
  • force_method (string, optional) - If set uses the given HTTP method when forwarding the request, instead of the original HTTP method.
  • extra_from (string, optional - defaults to extra) - A GJSON Path pointing to the extra field. This defaults to extra, but it could also be @this (for the root element), session.foo.bar for { "subject": "...", "session": { "foo": {"bar": "whatever"} } }, and so on.
  • subject_from (string, optional - defaults to subject) - A GJSON Path pointing to the subject field. This defaults to subject. Example: identity.id for { "identity": { "id": "1234" } }.
# Global configuration file oathkeeper.yml
authenticators:
  cookie_session:
    # Set enabled to true if the authenticator should be enabled and false to disable the authenticator. Defaults to false.
    enabled: true

    config:
      check_session_url: https://session-store-host
# Some Access Rule: access-rule-1.yaml
id: access-rule-1
# match: ...
# upstream: ...
authenticators:
  - handler: cookie_session
    config:
      check_session_url: https://session-store-host
      only:
        - sessionid
# Some Access Rule Preserving Path: access-rule-2.yaml
id: access-rule-2
# match: ...
# upstream: ...
authenticators:
  - handler: cookie_session
    config:
      check_session_url: https://session-store-host/check-session
      only:
        - sessionid
      preserve_path: true
      preserve_query: true
cat ./rules.json

[{
  "id": "some-id",
  "upstream": {
    "url": "http://my-backend-service"
  },
  "match": {
    "url": "http://my-app/some-route",
    "methods": [
      "GET"
    ]
  },
  "authenticators": [{
    "handler": "cookie_session"
  }],
  "authorizer": { "handler": "allow" },
  "mutators": [{ "handler": "noop" }]
}]

curl -X GET -b sessionid=abc http://my-app/some-route

HTTP/1.0 200 OK
The request has been allowed! The subject is: "peter"

curl -X GET -b sessionid=def http://my-app/some-route

HTTP/1.0 401 Status Unauthorized
The request isn't authorized because the provided credentials are invalid.

bearer_token​

The bearer_token authenticator will forward the request method, path and headers to a session store. If the session store returns 200 OK and body { "subject": "...", "extra": {} } then the authenticator will set the subject appropriately. Please note that Gzipped responses from check_session_url are not supported, and will fail silently.

bearer_token Configuration​

  • check_session_url (string, required) - The session store to forward request method/path/headers to for validation.
  • preserve_path (boolean, optional) - If set, any path in check_session_url will be preserved instead of replacing the path with the path of the request being checked.
  • preserve_query (boolean, optional) - If unset or true, query parameters in check_session_url will be preserved instead of replacing them with the query of the request being checked.
  • force_method (string, optional) - If set uses the given HTTP method when forwarding the request, instead of the original HTTP method.
  • extra_from (string, optional - defaults to extra) - A GJSON Path pointing to the extra field. This defaults to extra, but it could also be @this (for the root element), session.foo.bar for { "subject": "...", "session": { "foo": {"bar": "whatever"} } }, and so on.
  • subject_from (string, optional - defaults to sub) - A GJSON Path pointing to the sub field. This defaults to sub. Example: identity.id for { "identity": { "id": "1234" } }.
  • token_from (object, optional) - The location of the bearer token. If not configured, the token will be received from a default location - 'Authorization' header. One and only one location (header, query, or cookie) must be specified.
    • header (string, required, one of) - The header (case insensitive) that must contain a Bearer token for request authentication. It can't be set along with query_parameter or cookie.
    • query_parameter (string, required, one of) - The query parameter (case sensitive) that must contain a Bearer token for request authentication. It can't be set along with header or cookie.
    • cookie (string, required, one of) - The cookie (case sensitive) that must contain a Bearer token for request authentication. It can't be set along with header or query_parameter
# Global configuration file oathkeeper.yml
authenticators:
  bearer_token:
    # Set enabled to true if the authenticator should be enabled and false to disable the authenticator. Defaults to false.
    enabled: true

    config:
      check_session_url: https://session-store-host
      token_from:
        header: Custom-Authorization-Header
        # or
        # query_parameter: auth-token
        # or
        # cookie: auth-token
# Some Access Rule: access-rule-1.yaml
id: access-rule-1
# match: ...
# upstream: ...
authenticators:
  - handler: bearer_token
    config:
      check_session_url: https://session-store-host
      token_from:
        query_parameter: auth-token
        # or
        # header: Custom-Authorization-Header
        # or
        # cookie: auth-token
# Some Access Rule Preserving Path: access-rule-2.yaml
id: access-rule-2
# match: ...
# upstream: ...
authenticators:
  - handler: bearer_token
    config:
      check_session_url: https://session-store-host/check-session
      token_from:
        query_parameter: auth-token
        # or
        # header: Custom-Authorization-Header
        # or
        # cookie: auth-token
      preserve_path: true
      preserve_query: true

bearer_token Access Rule Example​

cat ./rules.json

[{
  "id": "some-id",
  "upstream": {
    "url": "http://my-backend-service"
  },
  "match": {
    "url": "http://my-app/some-route",
    "methods": [
      "GET"
    ]
  },
  "authenticators": [{
    "handler": "bearer_token"
  }],
  "authorizer": { "handler": "allow" },
  "mutators": [{ "handler": "noop" }]
}]

curl -X GET -H 'Authorization: Bearer valid-token' http://my-app/some-route

HTTP/1.0 200 OK
The request has been allowed! The subject is: "peter"

curl -X GET -H 'Authorization: Bearer invalid-token' http://my-app/some-route

HTTP/1.0 401 Status Unauthorized
The request isn't authorized because the provided credentials are invalid.

oauth2_client_credentials​

This oauth2_client_credentials uses the username and password from HTTP Basic Authorization (Authorization: Basic base64(<username:password>) to perform the OAuth 2.0 Client Credentials grant in order to detect if the provided credentials are valid.

This authenticator will use the username from the HTTP Basic Authorization header as the subject for this request.

If you are unfamiliar with OAuth 2.0 Client Credentials we recommend reading this guide.

oauth2_client_credentials Configuration​

  • token_url (string, required) - The OAuth 2.0 Token Endpoint that will be used to validate the client credentials.
  • retry (object, optional) - Configures timeout and delay settings for the request against the token endpoint
    • give_up_after (string) timeout
    • max_delay (string) time to wait between retries
  • cache (object, optional) - Enables caching of requested tokens
    • enabled (bool, optional) - Enable the cache, will use exp time of token to determine when to evict from cache. Defaults to false.
    • ttl (string) - Can override the default behaviour of using the token exp time, and specify a set time to live for the token in the cache. If the token exp time is lower than the set value the token exp time will be used instead.
    • max_tokens (int) - Max number of tokens to cache.
  • required_scope ([]string, optional) - Sets what scope is required by the URL and when making performing OAuth 2.0 Client Credentials request, the scope will be included in the request:
# Global configuration file oathkeeper.yml
authenticators:
  oauth2_client_credentials:
    # Set enabled to true if the authenticator should be enabled and false to disable the authenticator. Defaults to false.
    enabled: true

    config:
      token_url: https://my-website.com/oauth2/token
# Some Access Rule: access-rule-1.yaml
id: access-rule-1
# match: ...
# upstream: ...
authenticators:
  - handler: oauth2_client_credentials
    config:
      token_url: https://my-website.com/oauth2/token

oauth2_client_credentials Access Rule Example​

cat ./rules.json

[{
  "id": "some-id",
  "upstream": {
    "url": "http://my-backend-service"
  },
  "match": {
    "url": "http://my-app/some-route",
    "methods": [
      "GET"
    ]
  },
  "authenticators": [{
    "handler": "oauth2_client_credentials",
    "config": {
      "required_scope": ["scope-a", "scope-b"]
    }
  }],
  "authorizer": { "handler": "allow" },
  "mutators": [{ "handler": "noop" }]
}]

curl -X GET http://my-app/some-route

HTTP/1.0 401 Status Unauthorized
The request isn't authorized because no credentials have been provided.

curl -X GET --user idonotexist:whatever http://my-app/some-route

HTTP/1.0 401 Status Unauthorized
The request isn't authorized because the provided credentials are invalid.

curl -X GET --user peter:somesecret http://my-app/some-route

HTTP/1.0 200 OK
The request has been allowed! The subject is: "peter"

In the background, a request to the OAuth 2.0 Token Endpoint (value of authenticators.oauth2_client_credentials.token_url) will be made, using the OAuth 2.0 Client Credentials Grant:

POST /oauth2/token HTTP/1.1
Host: authorization-server.com

grant_type=client_credentials
&client_id=peter
&client_secret=somesecret
&scope=scope-a+scope-b

If the request succeeds, the credentials are considered valid and if the request fails, the credentials are considered invalid.

oauth2_introspection​

The oauth2_introspection authenticator handles requests that have an Bearer Token in the Authorization Header (Authorization: bearer <token>) or in a different header or query parameter specified in configuration. It then uses OAuth 2.0 Token Introspection to check if the token is valid and if the token was granted the requested scope.

If you are unfamiliar with OAuth 2.0 Introspection we recommend reading this guide.

oauth2_introspection Configuration​

  • introspection_url (string, required) - The OAuth 2.0 Token Introspection endpoint.
  • scope_strategy (string, optional) - Sets the strategy to be used to validate/match the token scope. Supports "hierarchic", "exact", "wildcard", "none". Defaults to "none".
  • required_scope ([]string, optional) - Sets what scope is required by the URL and when performing OAuth 2.0 Client Credentials request, the scope will be included in the request.
  • target_audience ([]string, optional) - Sets what audience is required by the URL.
  • trusted_issuers ([]string, optional) - Sets a list of trusted token issuers.
  • pre_authorization (object, optional) - Enable pre-authorization in cases where the OAuth 2.0 Token Introspection endpoint is protected by OAuth 2.0 Bearer Tokens that can be retrieved using the OAuth 2.0 Client Credentials grant.
    • enabled (bool, optional) - Enable pre-authorization. Defaults to false.
    • client_id (string, required if enabled) - The OAuth 2.0 Client ID to be used for the OAuth 2.0 Client Credentials Grant.
    • client_secret (string, required if enabled) - The OAuth 2.0 Client Secret to be used for the OAuth 2.0 Client Credentials Grant.
    • token_url (string, required if enabled) - The OAuth 2.0 Token Endpoint where the OAuth 2.0 Client Credentials Grant will be performed.
    • audience (string, optional) - The OAuth 2.0 Audience to be requested during the OAuth 2.0 Client Credentials Grant.
    • scope ([]string, optional) - The OAuth 2.0 Scope to be requested during the OAuth 2.0 Client Credentials Grant.
  • token_from (object, optional) - The location of the bearer token. If not configured, the token will be received from a default location - 'Authorization' header. One and only one location (header, query, or cookie) must be specified.
    • header (string, required, one of) - The header (case insensitive) that must contain a Bearer token for request authentication. It can't be set along with query_parameter or cookie.
    • query_parameter (string, required, one of) - The query parameter (case sensitive) that must contain a Bearer token for request authentication. It can't be set along with header or cookie.
    • cookie (string, required, one of) - The cookie (case sensitive) that must contain a Bearer token for request authentication. It can't be set along with header or query_parameter
  • introspection_request_headers (object, optional) - Additional headers to add to the introspection request.
  • retry (object, optional) - Configure the retry policy
    • max_delay (string, optional, default to 500ms) - Maximum delay to wait before retrying the request
    • give_up_after (string, optional, default to 1s) - Maximum delay allowed for retries
  • cache (object, optional) - Enables caching of incoming tokens
    • enabled (bool, optional) - Enable the cache, will use exp time of token to determine when to evict from cache. Defaults to false.
    • ttl (string) - Can override the default behaviour of using the token exp time, and specify a set time to live for the token in the cache.

Please note that caching won't be used if the scope strategy is none and required_scope isn't empty. In that case, the configured introspection URL will always be called and is expected to check if the scope is valid or not.

# Global configuration file oathkeeper.yml
authenticators:
  oauth2_introspection:
    # Set enabled to true if the authenticator should be enabled and false to disable the authenticator. Defaults to false.
    enabled: true

    config:
      introspection_url: https://my-website.com/oauth2/introspection
      scope_strategy: exact
      required_scope:
        - photo
        - profile
      target_audience:
        - example_audience
      trusted_issuers:
        - https://my-website.com/
      pre_authorization:
        enabled: true
        client_id: some_id
        client_secret: some_secret
        scope:
          - introspect
        token_url: https://my-website.com/oauth2/token
      token_from:
        header: Custom-Authorization-Header
        # or
        # query_parameter: auth-token
        # or
        # cookie: auth-token
      introspection_request_headers:
        x-forwarded-proto: https
      retry:
        max_delay: 300ms
        give_up_after: 2s
      cache:
        enabled: true
        ttl: 60s
# Some Access Rule: access-rule-1.yaml
id: access-rule-1
# match: ...
# upstream: ...
authenticators:
  - handler: oauth2_introspection
    config:
      introspection_url: https://my-website.com/oauth2/introspection
      scope_strategy: exact
      required_scope:
        - photo
        - profile
      target_audience:
        - example_audience
      trusted_issuers:
        - https://my-website.com/
      pre_authorization:
        enabled: true
        client_id: some_id
        client_secret: some_secret
        scope:
          - introspect
        token_url: https://my-website.com/oauth2/token
      token_from:
        query_parameter: auth-token
        # or
        # header: Custom-Authorization-Header
        # or
        # cookie: auth-token
      introspection_request_headers:
        x-forwarded-proto: https
        x-foo: bar
      retry:
        max_delay: 300ms
        give_up_after: 2s

oauth2_introspection Access Rule Example​

cat ./rules.json

[{
  "id": "some-id",
  "upstream": {
    "url": "http://my-backend-service"
  },
  "match": {
    "url": "http://my-app/some-route",
    "methods": [
      "GET"
    ]
  },
  "authenticators": [{
    "handler": "oauth2_introspection",
    "config": {
      "required_scope": ["scope-a", "scope-b"],
      "target_audience": ["example_audience"]
    }
  }],
  "authorizer": { "handler": "allow" },
  "mutators": [{ "handler": "noop" }]
}]

curl -X GET http://my-app/some-route

HTTP/1.0 401 Status Unauthorized
The request isn't authorized because no credentials have been provided.

curl -X GET -H 'Authorization: Bearer invalid-token' http://my-app/some-route

HTTP/1.0 401 Status Unauthorized
The request isn't authorized because the provided credentials are invalid.

curl -X GET -H 'Authorization: Bearer valid.access.token.from.peter' http://my-app/some-route

HTTP/1.0 200 OK
The request has been allowed! The subject is: "peter"

In the background, this handler will make a request to the OAuth 2.0 Token Endpoint (configuration value authenticators.oauth2_introspection.introspection_url) to check if the Bearer Token is valid:

POST /oauth2/introspect HTTP/1.1

token=valid.access.token.from.peter

If pre-authorization is enabled, that request will include an Authorization Header:

POST /oauth2/introspect HTTP/1.1
Authorization: Bearer token-received-by-performing-pre-authorization

token=valid.access.token.from.peter

The Token is considered valid if the Introspection response is HTTP 200 OK and includes {"active":true} in the response payload. The subject is extracted from the username field.

jwt​

The jwt authenticator handles requests that have an Bearer Token in the Authorization Header (Authorization: bearer <token>) or in a different header or query parameter specified in configuration. It assumes that the token is a JSON Web Token and tries to verify the signature of it.

jwt Configuration​

  • jwks_urls ([]string, required) - The URLs where Ory Oathkeeper can retrieve JSON Web Keys from for validating the JSON Web Token. Usually something like https://my-keys.com/.well-known/jwks.json. The response of that endpoint must return a JSON Web Key Set (JWKS).
  • jwks_max_wait (duration, optional) - The maximum time for which the JWK fetcher should wait for the JWK request to complete. After the interval passes, the JWK fetcher will return expired or no JWK at all. If the initial JWK request finishes successfully, it will still refresh the cached JWKs. Defaults to "1s".
  • jwks_ttl (duration, optional) - The duration for which fetched JWKs should be cached internally. Defaults to "30s".
  • scope_strategy (string, optional) - Sets the strategy to be used to validate/match the scope. Supports "hierarchic", "exact", "wildcard", "none". Defaults to "none".
  • If trusted_issuers ([]string) is set, the JWT must contain a value for claim iss that matches exactly (case-sensitive) one of the values of trusted_issuers. If no values are configured, the issuer will be ignored.
  • If target_audience ([]string) is set, the JWT must contain all values (exact, case-sensitive) in the claim aud. If no values are configured, the audience will be ignored.
  • Value allowed_algorithms ([]string) sets what signing algorithms are allowed. Defaults to RS256.
  • Value required_scope ([]string) validates the scope of the JWT. It will checks for claims scp, scope, scopes in the JWT when validating the scope as that claim isn't standardized.
  • token_from (object, optional) - The location of the bearer token. If not configured, the token will be received from a default location - 'Authorization' header. One and only one location (header, query, or cookie) must be specified.
    • header (string, required, one of) - The header (case insensitive) that must contain a Bearer token for request authentication. It can't be set along with query_parameter or cookie.
    • query_parameter (string, required, one of) - The query parameter (case sensitive) that must contain a Bearer token for request authentication. It can't be set along with header or cookie.
    • cookie (string, required, one of) - The cookie (case sensitive) that must contain a Bearer token for request authentication. It can't be set along with header or query_parameter
# Global configuration file oathkeeper.yml
authenticators:
  jwt:
    # Set enabled to true if the authenticator should be enabled and false to disable the authenticator. Defaults to false.
    enabled: true

    config:
      jwks_urls:
        - https://my-website.com/.well-known/jwks.json
        - https://my-other-website.com/.well-known/jwks.json
        - file://path/to/local/jwks.json
      scope_strategy: none
      required_scope:
        - scope-a
        - scope-b
      target_audience:
        - https://my-service.com/api/users
        - https://my-service.com/api/devices
      trusted_issuers:
        - https://my-issuer.com/
      allowed_algorithms:
        - RS256
      token_from:
        header: Custom-Authorization-Header
        # or
        # query_parameter: auth-token
        # or
        # cookie: auth-token
# Some Access Rule: access-rule-1.yaml
id: access-rule-1
# match: ...
# upstream: ...
authenticators:
  - handler: jwt
    config:
      jwks_urls:
        - https://my-website.com/.well-known/jwks.json
        - https://my-other-website.com/.well-known/jwks.json
        - file://path/to/local/jwks.json
      scope_strategy: none
      required_scope:
        - scope-a
        - scope-b
      target_audience:
        - https://my-service.com/api/users
        - https://my-service.com/api/devices
      trusted_issuers:
        - https://my-issuer.com/
      allowed_algorithms:
        - RS256
      token_from:
        query_parameter: auth-token
        # or
        # header: Custom-Authorization-Header
        # or
        # cookie: auth-token

jwt Validation example​

{
  "handler": "jwt",
  "config": {
    "required_scope": ["scope-a", "scope-b"],
    "target_audience": [
      "https://my-service.com/api/users",
      "https://my-service.com/api/devices"
    ],
    "trusted_issuers": ["https://my-issuer.com/"],
    "allowed_algorithms": ["RS256", "RS256"]
  }
}

That exemplary Access Rule consider the following (decoded) JSON Web Token as valid:

{
  "alg": "RS256"
}
{
  "iss": "https://my-issuer.com/",
  "aud": ["https://my-service.com/api/users", "https://my-service.com/api/devices"],
  "scp": ["scope-a", "scope-b"]
}

And this token as invalid (audience is missing, issuer isn't matching, scope is missing, wrong algorithm):

{
  "alg": "HS256"
}
{
  "iss": "https://not-my-issuer.com/",
  "aud": ["https://my-service.com/api/users"],
  "scp": ["not-scope-a", "scope-b"]
}

jwt Scope​

JSON Web Tokens can be scoped. However, that feature isn't standardized and several claims that represent the token scope have been seen in the wild: scp, scope, scopes. Additionally, the claim value can be a string ("scope-a"), a space-delimited string ("scope-a scope-b") or a JSON string array (["scope-a", "scope-b"]). Because of this ambiguity, all of those claims are checked and parsed and will be available as scp (string array) in the authentication session (.Extra["scp"]).

jwt Access Rule Example​

cat ./rules.json

[{
  "id": "some-id",
  "upstream": {
    "url": "http://my-backend-service"
  },
  "match": {
    "url": "http://my-app/some-route",
    "methods": [
      "GET"
    ]
  },
  "authenticators": [{
    "handler": "jwt",
    "config": {
      "required_scope": ["scope-a", "scope-b"],
      "target_audience": ["aud-1"],
      "trusted_issuers": ["iss-1"]
    }
  }],
  "authorizer": { "handler": "allow" },
  "mutators": [{ "handler": "noop" }]
}]

curl -X GET http://my-app/some-route

HTTP/1.0 401 Status Unauthorized
The request isn't authorized because no credentials have been provided.

curl -X GET -H 'Authorization: Bearer invalid-token' http://my-app/some-route

HTTP/1.0 401 Status Unauthorized
The request isn't authorized because the provided credentials are invalid.

curl -X GET -H 'Authorization: Bearer valid.jwtfrom.peter' http://my-app/some-route

HTTP/1.0 200 OK
The request has been allowed! The subject is: "peter"

In the background, this handler will fetch all JSON Web Key Sets provided by configuration key authenticators.jwt.jwks_urls and use those keys to verify the signature. If the signature can't be verified by any of those keys, the JWT is considered invalid.